Quote:
Originally Posted by Pressing-On
So, you cite Eerdmans Bible Dictionary as being the "sole" authority on the term?
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No I didn't. No where did I say HE is the SOLE authority. I don't know why you would make such an accusation.
NET bible commentary
16 tn Grk "casting them into Tartarus" or "holding them captive in Tartarus." This verb, ταρταρόω (tartaroō), occurs only here in the NT, but its meaning is clearly established in both Hellenistic and Jewish literature. "Tartarus [was] thought of by the Greeks as a subterranean place lower than Hades where divine punishment was meted out, and so regarded in Israelite apocalyptic as well" (BDAG 991 s.v.). Grammatically, it has been translated as an indicative because it is an attendant circumstance participle.
Hell
Used as a translation of several biblical words: Hebrew sheol, Greek hadēs, geenna, and tartaroō = “confine to Tartarus,”
2 Pet. 2:4 only); the first two words describe the place where dead people go, the third refers to a place of punishment; thus “hell,” as used in various translations, encompasses a wide range of meanings; S. Hades, Gehenna, Sheol, Tartarus.
Karleen, P. S. (1987). The handbook to Bible study: With a guide to the Scofield study system (332). New York: Oxford University Press.
HELL[Gk géenna, tartaróō—‘hold captive in Tartarus’]. On Gk. géenna, see GEHENNA. In the NT Gk. tartaróō occurs only in
2 Pet. 2:4, where the angels who sinned were “cast … into hell” (cf. RSV mg and NAB). The verb tartaróō is derived from the noun Tartaros (cf. LXX
Job 40:20; 41:24 [Eng. 32];
Prov. 30:16), which in Greek mythology was the locale below Hades where the Titans were imprisoned (Homer Il xiv.279; Josephus CAp ii.33 [240]). Homer also located it at the “undermost limits of earth and sea” (Il. viii.481). His description of it as murky (viii.13) apparently carried over to SibOr 4:186 and perhaps to
2 Pet. 2:4, since Peter described Tartarus as having “pits of nether gloom.”
Lee, G. A. (1979–1988). Hell. In G. W. Bromiley (Ed.), . Vol. 2: The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Revised (G. W. Bromiley, Ed.) (677). Wm. B. Eerdmans.
In
2 Pet. 2:4 only, we find the Verb tartaroō, translated in RSV ‘cast into hell’, and rendered by the Pesh. ‘cast down to the lower regions’. Tartaros is the classical word for the place of eternal punishment but is here applied to the intermediate sphere of punishment for fallen angels.
Innes, D. K. (1996). Hell. In D. R. W. Wood, I. H. Marshall, A. R. Millard, J. I. Packer & D. J. Wiseman (Eds.), New Bible dictionary (D. R. W. Wood, I. H. Marshall, A. R. Millard, J. I. Packer & D. J. Wiseman, Ed.) (3rd ed.) (464). Leicester, England; Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.
Tartarus was regarded by the ancient Greeks as that abiding place where rebellious gods and other wicked ones were punished. Its only NT use is in
2 Pet. 2:4 which says that the angels that sinned “were confined in Tartarus” and “kept unto judgment.”
Additional Descriptions of Suffering After final judgment, the lost experience continual and unimaginable suffering and torment. Such phrases as “weeping and gnashing of teeth” and “outer darkness” (Matt. 8:12; 22:13; 24:51; 25:30; 13:28) and “their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched” (
Mark 9:44, 46, 48 HCSB) indicate emotional and physical, as well as spiritual, suffering. Degrees of judgment and suffering are also indicated by such texts as Matt. 10:15; 11:22, 24; 18:6;
Mark 6:11;
Luke 10:12, 14.
Interpretations There are two broad questions to be answered which are vital to a proper understanding of the biblical teaching concerning hell. First, is the punishment of hell eternal or temporary? Second, does the Bible teach a literal or figurative hell?
Shackelford David G., & Clendenen, E. (2003). Hell. In C. Brand, C. Draper, A. England, S. Bond & T. C. Butler (Eds.), Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary (C. Brand, C. Draper, A. England, S. Bond & T. C. Butler, Ed.) (745). Nashville, TN: Holman Bible Publishers.
ταρταρόω (Τάρταρος ‘the Netherworld’) 1 aor. ἐταρτάρωσα (Acusilaus Hist. [V B.C.]: 2 Fgm. 8 Jac. I p. 50; Lydus, Men. 4, 158 p. 174, 26 W.; cp. Sext. Emp., Pyrrh. Hypot. 3, 24, 210 ὁ Ζεὺς τὸν Κρόνον κατεταρτάρωσεν [this compound several times in Ps.—Apollod.: 1, 1, 4; 1, 2, 1, 2; 1, 2, 3]. Tartarus, thought of by the Greeks as a subterranean place lower than Hades where divine punishment was meted out, and so regarded in Israelite apocalyptic as well:
Job 41:24; En 20:2; Philo, Exs. 152; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 240; SibOr 2, 302; 4, 186) hold captive in Tartarus
2 Pt 2:4.—DELG s.v. Τάρταρος. M-M.
Arndt, W., Danker, F. W., & Bauer, W. (2000). A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature (3rd ed.) (991). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1.25 ταρταρόω: (derivative of τάρταρος ‘Tartarus, hell,’ as a place of torture or torment, not occurring in the NT) to cast into or to cause to remain in Tartarus—‘to hold in Tartarus, to cast into hell.’ ἀλλὰ σειραῖς ζόφου ταρταρώσας ‘but held them in Tartarus by means of chains of darkness’ or ‘cast them into hell where they are kept chained in darkness’ 2 Pe 2:4. In many cases it is confusing to add still another term for a designation of hell by transliterating the Greek τάρταρος, and so most translators have preferred to render ταρταρόω as either ‘to cast into hell’ or ‘to keep in hell,’ thus using for ‘hell’ the same term as is employed for a rendering of the Greek term γέεννα (1.21).
Louw, J. P., & Nida, E. A. (1996). Vol. 1: Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament: Based on semantic domains (electronic ed. of the 2nd edition.) (6). New York: United Bible Societies.
The word tartarōsas (ταρταρωσας) is the Greek pagan name for the place of punishment of the evil. Strachan says: “In Homer, Hades is the place of confinement for dead men, and Tartarus is the name given to a murky abyss beneath Hades in which the sins of fallen immortals are punished. Hence II Peter uses this word in agreement with the Book of Enoch (where Tartarus is the place of punishment of fallen angels) and Greek mythology because he is speaking of fallen angels and not of men.”
Wuest, K. S. (1997). Wuest's word studies from the Greek New Testament: For the English reader (2 Pe 2:4). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
Tartarus The prison of the ancient Greek deities in Hesiod’s Theogony, a classical Greek story with conceptual parallels to
Gen 6:1–4. Tartarus is a place of extreme torment
Barry, J. D., Heiser, M. S., Custis, M., Mangum, D., & Whitehead, M. M. (2012). Faithlife Study Bible (2 Pe 2:4). Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software.
The verb is a ἅπαξ λεγ. τάρταρος occurs in three passages of LXX. (
Job 40:15 (20), 41:22 (23),
Prov. 24:51 (30:16): but in none of these is there any corresponding idea in the Hebrew. The word also occurs in Enoch xx. 2, where Gehenna is the place of punishment for apostate Jews, and Tartarus for the fallen angels. In Homer (e.g. Il. viii. 13) Hades is the place of confinement for dead men, and Tartarus is the name given to a murky abyss beneath Hades in which the sins of fallen Immortals (Kronos, Japetos, and the Titans) are punished (cf. Salmond, H.B.D. 2:344 a). Hence 2 Peter uses this word in agreement with the Book of Enoch and Greek mythology, because he is speaking of fallen angels and not of men. As regards the cosmology that is here implied, it has been suggested that the earth is not regarded as flat, but the universe is conceived as two concentric spheres, the outer heaven, the inner the earth. The nether half of heaven is Tartarus, and the nether half of the earth is Hades (St. Clair, Expositor, July, 1902). The use of the word by 2 Peter is remarkable as implying an atmosphere of Greek thought in the circle in which he moved, and for which he wrote. ζόφος in Homer is used of the gloom of the nether world, Od. xx. 356, cf.
Heb. 12:18. Also v. 17 and
Jude 6, 13. It is implied that fallen angels and unrighteous men alike undergo temporary punishment until the day of their final doom, cf. ver. 9. Enoch x. 4, 12, lxxxviii. 2.
Strachan, R. The Second Epistle General of Peter. In The Expositor's Greek Testament, Volume V: Commentary (134–135). New York: George H. Doran Company.
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