[Originalist]

The Independent Treasury System

The demise of the BUS led to an alternative banking system known as the Independent Treasury System, which was put into place in 1840, ended by the Whigs in 1841, resurrected in 1846, and ended finally during the Lincoln administration. As Jeffrey Hummel wrote in an essay on President Martin van Buren in Reassessing the Presidency, the Independent Treasury System, under which the only legally recognizable money was gold and silver coins and all currency was redeemable in specie on demand, "ushered in an era of financial deregulation at the national level." It was probably the most stable monetary system in American history, according to Hummel. Timberlake writes that "The Independent Treasury may well appear in retrospect as the optimal monetary-fiscal institution within the basic framework of a gold standard."

Lincoln the Bank Whig

Abraham Lincoln was fiercely opposed to the Independent Treasury System. On December 26, 1839, he gave a speech in opposition to it and in support of central banking in Springfield, Illinois. The speech was Clintonian in length and charged that the system would generate economic instability, be extremely expensive to operate, would be an insecure depository of money, and would "reduce the quantity of money in circulation." These turned out to be red herring arguments.

Lincoln’s speech was quite extreme and even bizarre in some respects. He quite hysterically claimed, for instance, that under a gold and silver standard "All [will] suffer more or less, and very many will lose everything that renders life desirable."

Lincoln was not a religious man, and many of his contemporaries believed he was an atheist. But being a consummate politician he frequently invoked Scripture in his speeches, including this one. "The Savior of the world chose twelve disciples, and even one of that small number, selected by super-human wisdom, turned out a traitor and a devil. And, it may not be improper here to add, that Judas carried the bag — was the Sub-Treasurer of the Savior and his disciples." An Independent Treasury System would supposedly be a "traitor" to the American public just as Judas betrayed Jesus, said Lincoln.

About a year later Lincoln had become a leader in the Illinois legislature and he repeatedly opposed proposals by Democrats to audit the Illinois state bank. In December 1840 the Illinois Democrats wanted to require the bank to make payments in gold or silver instead of paper. The bank was authorized to continue its suspension of specie payment through the end of the year. Lincoln wanted desperately to avoid this outcome, so he bolted for the door and instructed his fellow Whigs to follow him. Without a quorum the legislature could not vote to adjourn, and the suspension of specie payment would continue.

But the door was locked and guarded, so Lincoln literally jumped out of the first-floor window, followed by his lemming-like Whig followers. The Democrats ridiculed him as "Lincoln and his flying brethren," and his stunt failed anyway.

In What Has Government Done to Our Money? Murray Rothbard explained the significance of the phrase, "suspension of specie payment." This explanation clarifies just what it was that Lincoln and the Whigs (and later the Republicans) were fighting so vigorously for.

The bluntest way for government to foster inflation . . . is to grant the banks the special privilege of refusing to pay their obligations, while yet continuing in their operation. While everyone else must pay their debts or go bankrupt, the banks are permitted to refuse redemption of their receipts, at the same time forcing their own debtors to pay when their loans fall due. The usual name for this is a “suspension of specie payments.” A more accurate name would be “license for theft,” for what else can we call a government permission to continue in business without fulfilling one’s contract?

Richard Timberlake was right: The Whig Party failed to revive the BUS and, without an ability to promise taxpayer-financed subsidies to its big business supporters, the party imploded in the early 1850s. Many of the same special interests that had supported the Whig Party then supported the new Republican Party. Lincoln assured his Illinois constituents that there was not policy difference at all between the Whig and Republican Parties.

Lincoln’s Banking Legislation

As soon as Lincoln took office the old Whig coalition finally controlled the entire government. It immediately tripled the average tariff rate, began subsidizing the building of a transcontinental railroad in California even though a desperate war was being waged, and on February 25, 1862, the Legal Tender Act empowered the Secretary of the Treasury to issue paper money ("greenbacks") that were not immediately redeemable in gold or silver. The National Currency Acts of 1863 and 1864 created a system of nationally chartered banks that could issue bank notes supplied to them by the new Comptroller of the Currency, and a 10 percent tax was placed on state bank notes to drive them out of business and establish a federal monetary monopoly. The government’s paper money flooded the banks so that by July 1864 greenback dollars were worth a mere 35 cents in gold.

Ever since the days of Andrew Jackson American presidents had opposed a fiat money system. The Jacksonian opposition to central banking was ended, literally, at gunpoint. Lincoln’s main role was to avoid doing what presidents had done for the previous three decades: veto central banking legislation. There was no chance of that since Lincoln, unlike Jackson and President John Tyler, was a career-long advocate of central banking and fiat money.

Financing the American Empire

The Republican Party establishment, led by Lincoln, was very clear on what it hoped to achieve with a central bank. As Heather Cox Richardson recounts in The Greatest Nation on the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War, Senator John Sherman, brother of General William Tecumseh Sherman and chairman of the U.S. Senate Finance Committee, declared, "nationalize as much as possible, even the currency, so as to make men love their country before their states. All private interests, all local interests, all banking interests, the interests of individuals, everything, should be subordinate now to the interest of the Government." This is a perfect rendition of the collectivist philosophy that would plague the twentieth century with its insistence that citizens are to be the mere servants of the state, rather than the other way around.

The sponsor of the banking legislation in the House of Representatives was Congressman Elbridge G. Spaulding, a New York banker. Spaulding clearly argued that the new fiat money system would finally clear the way for the mercantilist system of massive "internal improvement" subsidies. The New York Times published a celebratory editorial on March 9, 1863, in which it said, "The legal tender act and the national currency bill crystallized . . . . a centralization of power, such as Hamilton might have eulogized as magnificent."

Kentucky Democrat Lasarus Powell was not as enthusiastic. "The result of this legislation," he said, "is utterly to destroy the rights of the states. It is asserting a power which if carried out to its logical result would enable the national Congress to destroy every institution of the States and cause all power to be consolidated and concentrated here [in Washington, D.C.]." But of course it would; that was always the intention of The Party of Lincoln.

The Party of Lincoln wanted to transform the American government from the limited, constitutional republic of the founding fathers to an empire that would rival Great Britain’s, and they knew they needed a central bank to achieve that task. Empires are very expensive propositions, as they require sending armies and navies all over the globe. As Richardson explains: "By 1863 the Republicans envisioned a dominant international role for a unified American nation, and [Senator John] Sherman promised that the bank bill, with its implicit strengthening of the national government, would advance that goal" (emphasis added). The Republicans under Lincoln "were building a new economic role for an increasingly powerful national government, permanently involving it in the country’s monetary affairs."